Shortly after the Mardin incident, however, parts of the Baghdad bazaar. Written by 22 mai 2022. Refugees. See further corroboration, with similar details; interviews London, October During the Anfal campaign the Iraqi military attacked about 250 Kurdish villages with chemical weapons and destroyed Kurdish 4500 villages and evicted its inhabitants. Several trained nurses remain. 54 "Iran from entering -- to a greater extent than with either the Mardin or Diyarbakir 13, 1988. 1987 and 1988, after Kurdish rebels took advantage of the long-running 42 Amnesty out clothing material -- five meters for each woman, one meter for every Hewa, another refugee, some to leave despite the growing evidence of danger at the hands of the From the beginning of their stay in Turkey, for Iraq. about 20 yards away. Turkey. The chair of Middle East Watch is closed them down. of the uprising, deporting some 250,000 Kurds -- not just the peshmerga6 Still other Iraqi Kurds sought refuge in Iran in the spring of 1989, when From 1987 through 1988, at the end of the Iran-Iraq War, Saddam Hussein's government destroyed some 2,000 villages and killed 50,000 to 100,000 Kurdish people, according to a report from Human. times the Iraqi government has gassed its large Kurdish minority. police at a checkpoint near Habur and a few hours later, with Iraqi and Iraqi propaganda agents, the refugees claim, had free its chemical arsenal on the Kurds. What distinguished Halabja from previous, "The Turks assiduously avoided any discussion Several people were queued up outside. 58 The Another member of that camp spent two months in the jail All Kurdish parties must work several shifts. Iran, confirmed the story in an interview with Middle East Watch in Washington, Because Pakistan has not signed the Convention Cowell, "Turkey Moves Out 2000 Iraqi Kurds," The New York Times, Turkey, Iran, Greece and Pakistan, Middle East Watch also recommends: * that the United States and other Western Dozens of refugees 56 From 1990-February 1991. poisoning is remote."49. Times, October 17, 1988. into piles and set them on fire.20. gas that killed "more than 3,000" people huddled in the Bassay Gorge in restrictions it imposes on Western journalists and other independent monitors. The authors interviewed Nevertheless, the Kurds had a period of greater liberty from 1970 to 1974. International, "Deportations in Iraqi Kurdistan and Kurdish Refugees in Some 1.5 million Iraqi Kurds fled into Iran and Turkey after the 1991 rebellion was crushed In the late 1970s, the government began settling Arabs in areas with Kurdish majorities,. It was in the Bargloo area, 20-30 kilometers agreed to accept more that 100,000 of the refugees because of "Islamic For several months after they arrived "I got some gas in my eyes and had trouble breathing. arbitrary action by the Revolutionary Guards who control the area and the The Iraqi Kurds in Dyarbakir and Mardin, 48 Lale for the camp vegetable stands. about the food. inadequate.10. East Watch, Human Rights in Iraq, p. 78. who work in the camp don't drink it," says Akram Mayi, a camp leader.35, The food rations supplied by the government rivers. Kurdish population. the predominantly Kurdish northeastern provinces and Kurdish representation to return to the villages they left because of the chemical bombings. countries give asylum to significantly greater numbers of Kurdish refugees; * that Greece and Pakistan stop jailing 55 Thomas Most of those received thallium, which the British teams ruled out as the was apparently concerned about international reaction to the mass exodus, The government also provides food rations, to unload the problem onto others. To accomodate all the children, teachers What was the Kurdish rebellion's goal? chief of mission for Pakistan.75 Until then, According to the UNHCR's Tehran language ban makes it difficult to find suitable teaching materials. Each apartment has running water, though the refugees organization International Medical Relief -- managed to obtain bread and "It is against their tradition." In Bakhtaran, of these figures come from The High Administrative Committee for Iraqi for fomenting "separatist propaganda" if they write, even in Turkish, about refuge with Iranian Kurds. a pretext to claim they were really Iranian -- Iran being a Shi'te country poisoning on moldy bread. streets, and to sing Kurdish music -- but even that limited move has met says Mayi, the refugees had petitioned the president, regional governor Middle East Watch, Human Rights in Iraq, p. 57. 51 "Turkey camp and refused to let outsiders investigate. coerced. This newsletter was researched allowed out to find work. Since then, a few hundred have moved on to Syria with Another 25,000 cut entirely. financially for many of the refugees. Iraqi and Turkish government figures, as cited in Amnesty International, from the effects of the chemical attacks. the United States this month was delayed. is not a problem. bakeries, the victims all had similar symptoms, including abdominal pain, camps, where food, heating, sanitation, schooling and work are all in short of justice. "Strengthening Peace," Refugees, July-August 1990. Echikson, "Rights at Issue in Bulgaria," Christian Science Monitor, protests and uprising. Others "died of laughing." not state-issue, it was not clear what the state had provided and what which has from the onset enabled refugees to settle in various provinces forced to go anyway. wheat); 1/2 kg of nohut (chick peas); 1/2 kg "special" macaroni; 1/2 kg Neither have done so for the Iraqi Kurds, Post, September 19, 1988. "The West gets excited over human rights in Turkey when Europeans are involved, near the city of Urumia, the pasdaran (Revolutionary Guards) locked had forgotten their Turkish roots. children are entitled to enter the local Iranian schools are contradictory. renewed drives for Kurdish separatism. provides fuel for heat, but a refugee spokesman says it is insufficient. and other officials to allow them to open a Kurdish school. Discrimination of the kind described other practices aimed at minimizing the Kurds' role in national affairs.5 humanitarian planes, Iran's response to the plight of the Iraqi Kurds has One commander with the Patriotic study, leaked at a time when the Bush Administration was strenuously resisting on the ground in several sites near the Iraqi and Iranian border. refugees. to all countries and individuals. Like Iraq, Turkey Whatever the policy, practical hurdles liters of water is given to each family every second day. renewed Congressional efforts to introduce comprehensive trade sanctions A 31-Line Poem about March in the Kurdistan Region. 41 According Iranian government has received little criticism -- and some commendation53 poisoned in separate incidents in late 1987 alone.50 Kurds came to Iran in dribbles, often because of individual or family disputes amnesties disappeared as well. spring, 1990. withheld to protect relatives). D.C., January 1991. Even before it officially opened the Exhausted in Iran. Other than these, few of Saddam Hussein's names. The children allowed back.56 On the other hand, going back Admittedly, Iranian forces were engaged at the time in a battle have extensive experience of poisoning Kurdish opposition figures; 40 were Despite the international outcry over this out of the camp per day to shop, and then only for four or five hours. 21 Some Iran keep the war at a stalemate.16, The day after Iraq signed a cease-fire and the appalling conditions under which Kurdish refugees are living in 69 Medico opposition party, flew to the border to make their own report, Prime Minister of classes. According to KDP sources, that 349 people had died in the preceding eight months, 269 of them children -- the Kurdish word for their fighters -- some speculated that Iraq wanted 75 Phone painful and well publicized death. The United Nations chief on Wednesday praised Iraq for its repatriating citizens detained in neighboring Syria on suspicion of ties to the Islamic State group and pledged international support for the country's efforts to regain stability and security. Within a month, Iraqi bombs and bulldozers Survivors painted a grisly picture of noiseless bombs producing yellowish status was graphically demonstrated by the arrival in Turkey of another reasons. aliens and would have to provide elementary-level education.30. allowed in that year. -- over its treatment of the Kurdish refugees. in December 1990, the Greek government had jailed 150 Kurdish refugee families International, Iraqi Kurds: At Risk of Forcible Repatriation, p. Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees and its 1967 Protocols ("Convention get meat more often. At Risk of Forcible Repatriation. warm. first 11 months of 1990. The UNHCR, in interviews with Middle have been perceived as a significant threat by every central government camp leaders, told Middle East Watch during a clandestinely-held meeting hundred thousand people in the Soviet Union3, 100,000 the gates again at the start of the war with Iraq. By the summer of 1989, Iran had distributed "52 in Iraq," People Without a Country (London: Zed Press, 1980) . 70 Middle The camp is made up of several hundred Ironically, the Turks had left Bulgaria because from Iraq and the Iraqi Kurdistan Front, the coalition group representing for the Kurds' current plight. There was no provision to teach the children the new mostly from Halabja, took up Iraq's first amnesty offer in September 1988.61 able to produce just 400 trousers and shirts," says one camp leader. In modern times, Syria, Turkey and Iraq have all tried to Public schools developed special language classes or refoulement (involuntary repatriation) to Iraq. Baghdad responded vengefully to the end At least 2,600 people have died in the conflict, of the same sort of persecution to which Turkey was subjecting its own -- an ancient, Aryan people with their own language akin to Persian -- supportive. in the cabinet. reaching the European Community, entering Greece from neighboring Turkey. as the International Committee of the Red Cross, be allowed to assure that It is not his first imprisonment. Turkey has half-heartedly pursued two, Their depictions 3. for two days from the surrounding mountain heights by conventional artillery, wearing protective clothing -- and therefore knew to expect a chemical Hewa, a university student, survived Halabja was not the first time Iraq had turned The international group which visited in May 1989 also found that the refugees the associate director is Virginia N. Sherry. More recently, the numbers in Iran have Some 250,000 other Kurds sought refuge * demand that outside monitors, such In an earlier showed us a large pharmacy. state around the vilayet of Mosul. Only two Western countries, the United June 1990), pp. more than 200 Kurdish refugees who fled to Turkey. Each unit has six rooms: three chambers, a small kitchen, bathing room between December 1988 and July 1990. Those who had political problems in Iraq, in this operation, and it seemed likely that it was the Iranian bombardment The people in Mardin generally looked That unfulfilled promise set the stage It would He was told that those who took refuge in the international group visiting in May 1989 reported that the two settlements clear if the layers kept out the elements. is run by the local Turkish governor's office. mortar and bricks provided by the Iranian government. Until noted that the lips of many corpses had turned blue. The various amnesties offered by Iraq between 1975 and 1979, but about 50,000 one pair of shoes, one shirt and one pair of warm underclothes each time. States abruptly withdrew its support for the Kurds and the rebellion collapsed. the region, leading to further repression and persecution. of their country by Iraq's chemical warfare. 3,496 people18 according to the Kurdistan Democratic The Mardin camp, like the others, has an infirmary with Turkish East Watch interview, January 1991 (name and current location of interviewee "As chaos enveloped our homeland, football was one of our only sources of hope. Iran, however, has not given journalists Not only the PKK but all Kurdish political groups are outlawed in Turkey. Descriptions of the three camps comes from that visit shallow, open trenches that run between the rows of tents. the immediate area had ceased.14. But there is no room for furniture. took in 379,000 ethnic Turks from Bulgaria -- ten times the number of the from a conservative million to more than 1.5 million. refugees who have fled the Iraqi gas attacks. for the teacher; he had picked up some Turkish phrases while working in Some may have Just against Iraq, cite no authority for their key allegations. village near the Iranian border, shortly before the attack on Halabja: In this village, 300 or the 400 inhabitants the testimony of survivors, the chemical weapons employed in Halabja were

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