. Olivares's plans caused revolts in Catalonia, a region of Aragon. Cromwell was eager to form an alliance against Charles V by joining England with one of the Protestant states in Germany. The Elizabethan Book of Common Prayer was based on Cranmer's second version, but it was modified to allow individual worshipers By the fifteenth century, however, many European states had gained independence and the empire was concentrated mainly in central Europe. The name Portugal comes from the ancient port city of Portus Cale (now Porto), at the mouth of the Douro River, where the Portuguese monarchy began. Among them were Leonardo da Vinci, Benvenuto Cellini, and Andrea del Sarto. Records such as reports from the Christian Council of Elvira in 313 show that Christians immediately began pressuring Jews to convert to Christianity. His mother, Louise of Savoy (14761531), supervised his upbringing, and a strong bond developed between them. Reigns were either dated from the day a ruler was elected king ( Philip of Swabia, Rudolf of Habsburg) or crowned king ( Otto IV, Henry VII, Louis IV, Charles IV). Not even his genius, however, could win for Henry the crown of the Holy Roman Empire. Question Posted by Guest on May 8th 2020 Last Modified: . Rivarly between two young kings Francis became his own worst enemy Much of the wealth seized from the religious houses was spent on warfare. Five years later Mary, who was now near death, named Elizabeth to be her successor. France during the eleventh and early twelfth centuries. But Francis would never again be as successful as he was at the end of 1516. In 1598 he signed the Edict of Nantes, which guaranteed religious freedom to the Huguenots. When Isabella died in 1504, Ferdinand became regent of Castile until his death in 1516. 15281576). Unlike the other European countries that played a prominent role in the Renaissance period, Spain was heavily influenced by Africa and the Middle East. But the discovery of a During the first twenty years of Philip's reign, the Ottoman Empire was the most serious threat to Spanish world power. In spite of tense relations with Parliament and the threat of involvement in wars abroad, James supported the Renaissance that had been initiated by Elizabeth. Both Katherine At the time, many believed that a "Northwest Passage," a water route to the Indies, could be found either around or through the North American continent. Just as Philip was on the verge of reclaiming the northern provinces of the Netherlands, his attention was diverted by war with England. The pope also gave Ferdinand and Isabella the authority to convert the people of these new lands to Christianity and to govern them. The Project Gutenberg eBook of Critical and Historical Essays, Volume III (of 3), by Thomas Babington Macaulay This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. The Jews were another important group that shaped the culture of Spain. In 1502 Moriscos were also given the choice of converting to Christianity The conquest of the American natives by Spanish conquistadors happened within a few decades. Game Info. He did his best to save the fleet, and the Armada sailed north. In 1474 Isabella succeeded her brother Henry IV (14251474; ruled 145474) to the throne of Castile. They wanted to seek him out so they could join forces with him and convert the "lost souls" of Asia and Africa. Because James felt that bishops were necessary, he adjourned the conference. The bulk of the preparatory work fell to Thomas Wolsey (c. 14751530), the royal almoner (one who distributes alms, or food and money, to the poor), who became Henry's war minister. Only 18 of the original 250 sailors survived Magellan's voyage, which was the first to circle the entire globe. Even if you're enemies in the Franco-Prussian War, for example, France owed Germany some reparations, but France simply went to the private banks, borrowed the money, and paid Germany. She founded two colleges at Cambridge University as well as professorships at both Cambridge and Oxford Universities. Rise of Kingdoms' success story is a great example of this. Yet there was a darker side to the gallant French king. Carlos also made a shoemaker eat a pair of boots because they were too tight. from Flanders. 3. The German Empire consisted of 26 constituent territories, most ruled by royal families. In 1567 Philip introduced the Spanish Inquisition in the Netherlands and sent Fernando lvarez de Toledo, duke of Alba (c. 15071582), to crush the revolt. power of the great feudal lords. The reign of Louis's grandson, Philip IV (called Philip the Fair; 12681314; ruled 12851314), marked the supremacy of the French monarchy. Not long after Columbus's discovery of the New World in 1492, Pope Alexander VI ordered that the newly discovered lands be divided between Spain and Portugal. The result was absolute chaos, as leaders of states vied for more power and larger territories. lasted one hundred years. Revolts broke out as soon as the king left the country. Handsome, dashing, well educated in classical Latin and theology (religious philosophy), he was willing to spend money on learning and the arts. In May 1588 the Spanish Armada set out from Lisbon, but storms forced the fleet into La Corua in northwestern Spain. The older of Edward's two infant sons was declared the rightful heir to the throne; he was to be known as King Edward V. Edward IV's younger brother, Richard (14521485), duke of Gloucester, was supposed to protect Edward V. Within three months, however, Richard had outsmarted his opponents and he took the throne as Richard III (ruled 148385). In 1429 the country was dramatically energized by Joan of Arc (c. 14121431), who was known as the Maid of Orlans. Although Elizabeth had encountered numerous problems during her long reign, she showed an uncanny ability to retain the love of her people. Edward ruled England for twelve more years, until his unexpected death in 1483. They were especially critical of "popish," or Catholic, features of the Anglican Church. The English Parliament, the central law-making body of England, declared Edward to be King Edward IV in 1461 (ruled 146170 and 147183). Which commander is known as Barbarossa? They Philip died in 1598, four months after making peace with France in the Treaty of Vervins. They were usually connected with the Gym nasia, or schools for wrestling, and other exercises , and consisted of different apartments, generally separated from each other, and intermixed with other places of BAT 39 exercise ; so that it is probable they were adapted to the nature of the school of exercise to which they were joined. The Peace of Westphalia (1648), which ended the Thirty Years' War, and the Peace of the Pyrenees (1659) marked the end of Habsburg dominance. Since the thirteenth century all Holy Roman Emperors had come from the house of Habsburg. The following night the Spanish fleet commander, Alonso Prez de Guzmn, duke of Medina-Sidonia, made a serious mistake. At that time, however, the pope was considered to be God's representative on Earth and the supreme authority in all religious and political matters, so a king was expected to accept the pope's decision. Others became involved in a series of plots against Mary's government. One of the most powerful Capetians was William II (c. 10281087), the duke of Normandy, a duchy in northwestern France. He firmly established the strength of the monarchy by enforcing his royal powers. In transforming the Bourbon kingdom into a constitutional state, the French Revolution aroused intense excitement east of the Rhine. Charles spent his final years as an adviser to Philip, who soon earned the nickname of the "Prudent King" because he made decisions slowly and with great deliberation. Meanwhile, as the Reformation gained momentum in France, extreme bitterness developed between French families that had backed the Huguenot cause and those that had remained Catholic. Although he sailed as far as the Venezuelan coast, he never found the rich kingdoms of the Orient. Taking advantage of the civil war between the Orlanists and the Burgundians, Henry invaded France in 1415. After receiving a tremendous ransom for the emperor's release, Pizarro murdered Atahuallpa, then claimed the Inca empire for Spain, killing all the Inca who did not cooperate. Under feudalism, which was based on an agricultural economy, distinct social classes were dependent on one another through a complex system of pledging loyalty in exchange for goods and services. The Italian Wars finally ended after a seventh war, which lasted from 1547 until 1559. This dramatic event came about when the Habsburgs, the royal family that controlled Spain, rejected Mary as the future wife of the fourteen-year-old Charles I, who was to become king of Spain (see "Spain" section later in this chapter). During the next four years, however, the war with Spain went poorly for Francis. They had heard stories about people being burnt black by the sun in the hot climate and about vicious sea monsters and giants lurking under the sea. Former monastic possessions were managed by a new financial bureau, the Court of Augmentations. He reached the continent in November. in North America. A nationalistic spirit began to emerge among the English, however, with a campaign launched by King Henry V, whose everyday language was English. Louis the German's rise to power, however, was not a smooth one, because internal turmoil plagued the Carolingian empire in the 830s and early 840s. 1,200-year-old bones found in Aachen Cathedral in Germany believed to belong to Charlemagne, King of the Franks. Forced to fight for what he considered to be his hereditary rights (his mother was the princess of Portugal), he had sent Alba into Portugal with twenty-two thousand troops. His only remaining ship, under the command of Juan de Elcano, continued its course back to the harbor at Seville in 1522. He was instructed in religion by Richard Cox (c. 15001592), later the bishop of Ely. They established a line of strong monarchs that lasted for eight hundred years and elevated France to the status of a major power. In pursuit of the first of these objectives, Richelieu destroyed the political power of the Protestants. Trait 2: ++10% Wood Gathering Speed. Ferdinand remained regent of Castile. They now supported Charles, hoping they could dominate a foreign monarch. Joan was condemned to death for alleged heresy and witchcraft (use of supernatural powers to summon evil spirits). In 1494, during the reign of Charles VIII, France embarked on the first phase of the Italian Wars (14941559), a series of conflicts between France and Spain that took place in Italy (see also "Italian Wars dominate Renaissance" in Chapter 2). Dismissing most of his foreign advisers, he appointed Spaniards to take their places. At that time France was severely weakened by a wave of epidemics (widespread outbreaks of disease) that began with the Black Death (bubonic plague) in 1348 (see "Black Death" in Chapter 1). The successful siege ended a five-year Spanish offensive that conquered more than thirty rebel Dutch towns and maintained Spanish and Catholic control of the southern provinces of the Netherlands until 1714. With the marriage of Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile, Spain's two largest Christian kingdoms, Aragon (in central Spain) and Castile (in eastern Spain), were united into a powerful force. This policy continued for more than twenty years. Although the revolt did not end until 1648 with Dutch independence, the Spanish had many military victories in the Netherlands during Philip's reign. The Capetians were a family who controlled the le-de-France, a region centered on Paris that extended roughly a three days' march in all directions around the city. The crowning of Charles as king of Spain was the climax of a bitter dispute that resulted from the marriage contract between Ferdinand and Isabella. Game Guide. 2. In pursuit of the second he led France, in 1635, into the Thirty Years' War (16181648), a series of conflicts fought mainly in Germany over many social, political, and religious issues (see "Thirty Years' War" in Chapter 6). Arresting two rebel leaders, Lamoral, count of Egmont (15221568), and Philip de Montmorency, count of Hoorn (c. 15181568), Alba established the Council of Troubles. From the time he took the throne he had problems with Parliament, which he refused to recognize as the law-making body of England. In an effort to prevent this outcome, Ferdinand brought Charles's younger brother, Ferdinand, from Flanders to Spain. (Such an action was not unusual during the Renaissance, when rulers constantly shifted strategies to promote their own interests.) During the Inquisition thousands of non-Christians were killed by mobs, while thousands more tried to save their own lives by converting to Christianity. For six years, Francis remained in France, where he became an enthusiastic patron of the arts. The only lasting outcome of the meeting was a new translation of the Bible, which was prepared by both Anglican and Puritan scholars and published in 1611. During the reign of Charles I, England was embroiled in a civil war between the Puritans and supporters of the monarchy. Spanish forces led personally by Charles took La Goletta (now Halq al-Wadi), a seaport town in northeast Tunisia. Henry VIII, whose heart had never really been in the war, also quickly came to terms with Charles. battles, at Parma and Fuenterrabia, but they were soundly defeated at Ezquiros and Pamplona and driven out of Navarre. Richelieu died in 1642, and Louis XIII died a few months later. Renaissance ideas were still dominant in England when James died in 1625. They knew that First, he wanted to distribute taxes throughout the country and, second, he wanted to abolish privileges given to certain provinces. France was once again established as the major power on the European continent. Nevertheless, he did come upon a continent that was then unknown. Henry finally had a male heir in 1537, when his third wife, Jane Seymour (c. 15091537), gave birth to their son Edward. By this time most Spaniards were having second thoughts about the new king: Charles had never been to their country, and he could not even speak Spanish. Originally employed as a designer of costumes and stage sets, Jones was commissioned by James to erect a new Banqueting House in Whitehall. Ferdinand was the crown prince of the kingdom of Aragon when, in 1469, he married Isabella, who was his cousin and heir to the throne of Castile. Yet the Catalan revolt and the Andalusian independence movement, along with the loss of Portugal, showed that Spain was losing its status as a major world power. Capitalism brought about the rise of cities, which were built as hubs in a network of trade routes throughout Europe. During the wars, both France and Spain formed complex political alliancesin fact, they were even fighting on the same side at one point. He was a mem ber of the house of Lancaster, but after he married Elizabeth of York, the War of the Roses officially ended. The original settlers from North Africa were the Iberians, and the area now occupied by Spain and Portugal was named the Iberian Peninsula. These requests raised a question about rights to sea routes. When Francis swore as a gentleman to return to captivity if he failed to live up to his end of the bargain, Charles agreed to set him free. In Spain, the monarchs Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella of Castile laid the foundation for an immense empire by uniting several independent provinces. Storming of the Bastille: From the 17th to 19th centuries, the Kingdom of Prussia was mostly in which modern country? He also knew that Joanna experienced bouts of emotional instability and might not have control over Philip. Moorish farming techniques brought the dry land to life. Nevertheless, the emperor was still the most powerful political figure in the Christian world. MikeMeHigh. At first all went well for Francis. He was taught Latin and Greek by one of England's finest scholars, John Cheke (15141557). The great soldier Bertrand du Guesclin (pronounced gay-klahn; c. 13201380) succeeded in driving the English from all French territory except Calais and the Bordeaux region. Ivan the Terrible. Later, the affairs of state were directed almost exclusively by Louis's minister, Armand-Jean du Plessis (15851642), known as Cardinal Richelieu (pronounced RIH-sheh-lew). But after the duke was defeated and killed in a battle in 1477, Louis was able to reunite Burgundy with France. Q. The Spanish king, Ferdinand II of Aragon, had conquered and an nexed the small kingdom of Navarre, situated between France and Spain on the Bay of Biscay (see "Spain" section later in this chapter). He married Louis's daughter, Claude de France, in 1514. Half of the Armada was lost and so was Philip's dream of making England into a Catholic province. Columbus's ships went off course and he did not reach Asia. At the time, there were several factors which prevented the restoration of the empire as it had been in the 18th century, notably the rise of larger, more consolidated kingdoms in Germany, such as Bavaria, Saxony and Wrttemberg, as well as Prussia's interest in becoming a great power in Europe (rather than continue being a vassal to the . The problem with being a latecomer to world exploration and conquest was that most of the good lands were already occupied and defended by superior Spanish and Portuguese navies. The loss of the monasteries was felt in various ways. As a sign of his authority he had lilies, the Jane was proclaimed queen in 1553, but after only nine days she was imprisoned for high treason as a result of the plot to make her queen. Although he lived in exile, he was considered the king. In fact, in 1614 he dissolved Parliament, then ruled for seven years without one. Charles lost control of Sicily in 1306, at the end of a twenty-year conflict called the War of the Sicilian Vespers (see "War of the Sicilian Vespers" in Chapter 2). Philip III reigned during a glorious Renaissance period that produced such great figures as the novelist Miguel de Cervantes (15471616), the dramatist Lope de Vega (15621635), and the painters El Greco (15411614) and Francisco de Zubarn (15981664). At home, Ferdinand concentrated on gaining control of territory around France so that France would not invade Spain. In 1337 Edward claimed the right to the throne through his mother's lineignoring the Salic Lawand named himself king of France. Henry declined to join the French effort. King John II of Portugal therefore decided to have his captains circumnavigate (sail around) the African continent and reach India by way of the ocean. After the death of Charlemagne (pronounced SHAR-leh-main; 742814; ruled 80014), the great Frankish king, the vast Carolingian Empire broke up and the title of emperor was passed to German rulers in the eastern part of Europe. His greatest enemy was Charles the Bold (14331477; ruled 146777), duke of Burgundy, who ruled Burgundy virtually as an independent state. Unlike Asia, Africa's kingdoms had never allowed Europeans to penetrate the interior. The German Empire (officially Deutsches Reich) was the historical German nation state that existed from the unification of Germany in 1871 to the abdication of Kaiser Wilhelm II in November 1918, when Germany became a federal republic (the Weimar Republic).. The reign of Charles and his family, the Anjous, was called the Angevin (pronounced AHN-jeh-vehn) dynasty. 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